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Japan (JP)

APAC · Lead regulator: FSA

Opportunity score
45.3Medium52
Norms tracked
111
LLM-analyzed
37
33% coverage
CertiK services
7/14
Maturity
Medium
3/6 dimensions
Next deadline

Regulatory coverage

Which of the six core regulatory dimensions this jurisdiction's norms actually address. Coverage is detected from the source text — not a structural heuristic.

Token issuanceNot detected
CustodyCovered
Market abuseNot detected
AML / KYTCovered
TaxationCovered
Consumer protectionNot detected

Data confidence — four components

Breakdown of the confidence badge shown above. Each component is independent and they sum (weighted) to the overall score.

Analysis coverage
33%
Share of tracked norms that have been LLM-analyzed.
Coverage breadth
50%
Share of the six regulatory dimensions that this jurisdiction's norms address.
Regulator diversity
94%
How many distinct regulators contribute to the tracked norms.
Evidence density
53%
Share of LLM-extracted fields backed by a verbatim source quote (Phase 1).

Regulators

FSA (lead)NTAMOJJPOMETIMLIT

CertiK services triggered

Green = triggered by at least one norm in this jurisdiction.

Security Auditing

Smart Contract Audit
L1 Chain Audit
Penetration Testing3n
Formal Verification

Compliance & Monitoring Products

SkyInsights — AML / KYT3n
Skynet — Threat Monitoring3n
Proof of Reserves1n
Skyshield — Bug Bounty
Performance Testing
Due Diligence
Incident Response3n

Advisory & Certification

Independent Certification
Security Guidance3n
Regulatory Compliance Support8n

Underlying norms

111 norms with regime, scope, gaps and verbatim evidence quotes. Scroll for more.

Financial Reconstruction Act
statute · FSA · 1998

Scope: This act regulates activities related to nuclear source material, nuclear fuel material, and reactors. It does not contain any provisions concerning crypto-assets.

source ↗
Act on Promotion of Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution (Act No. 151 of 2004)
statute · MOJ · 2004-12-01

Scope: This act promotes the use of alternative dispute resolution. It does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The regulation does not apply to crypto-assets, creating a gap in this specific context. It is entirely focused on alternative dispute resolution.

source ↗
Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, etc. Cooperatives Act (Act No. 181 of 1949)
statute · METI · 1949

Scope: This text outlines revisions to Japan's Patent Act and other intellectual property laws, focusing on digitalization and procedural updates. It does not regulate crypto-assets or related activities.

source ↗
Patent Attorney Act
statute · JPO · 2000-04-26

Scope: This text concerns the Patent Attorney Act and does not contain any provisions related to the regulation of crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is entirely unrelated to crypto-asset regulation, focusing instead on intellectual property law professionals.

source ↗
Urban Renewal Act (Act No. 38 of 1969)
statute · · 1969

Scope: This is the Urban Renewal Act from 1969. It does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is entirely unrelated to the regulation of crypto-assets, blockchain, or related financial technologies.

source ↗
Act on International Applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty
statute · JPO · 1978-04-26

Scope: This act concerns procedures for international patent applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty. It is not related to the regulation of crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is about patent law and does not contain any information regarding crypto-asset regulation, so no gaps or ambiguities can be identified.

source ↗
Act on Special Provisions for Procedures Concerning Industrial Property Rights
statute · JPO · 1990-04-27

Scope: This act concerns special provisions for procedures related to industrial property rights. The provided text does not contain any information regarding crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The text is entirely unrelated to crypto-asset regulation, therefore no specific regulatory gaps or ambiguities for this sector can be identified from it.

source ↗
Insurance Business Act (Act No. 105 of 1995)
statute · FSA · 1995

Scope: The provided text, related to the Insurance Business Act of 1995, does not contain any information regarding the regulation of crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The text does not address crypto-assets, therefore no specific regulatory gaps or ambiguities can be identified.

source ↗
National Government Organization Act (Act No. 120 of 1948)
statute · · 1948
source ↗
Agricultural Cooperatives Act (Act No. 132 of 1947)
statute · MAFF · 1947· 3/3 anchored
In force2021-09-01

Scope: This is a foundational act establishing the basic principles for Japan's digital society transformation. It creates the Digital Agency but does not specifically regulate crypto-assets or related activities.

Gap or ambiguity: The act is high-level and does not provide specific technical standards for cybersecurity or data protection. These details are left to subsequent regulations or actions by the Digital Agency.

Evidence (3) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    Effective date September 1st, 2021
  • Principal deadline
    Effective date September 1st, 2021
  • Deadline type
    Effective date September 1st, 2021
source ↗
Trust Act (Act No. 108 of 2006)
statute · MOJ · 2006-12-15

Scope: The provided text is a metadata stub for the 2006 Trust Act. It does not contain any substantive articles or provisions to analyze.

Gap or ambiguity: The text contains no regulatory details. As a general Trust Act from 2006, it predates crypto-assets and lacks specific rules for them.

source ↗
Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds
statute · FSA · 2007· 2/2 anchored
In force

Scope: This order details the enforcement of the Certified Public Accountants Act. It specifies requirements for examinations, conflicts of interest, and operational rules for CPAs and auditing firms.

Gap or ambiguity: This regulation does not apply to crypto-assets. It is focused on the qualification and conduct of certified public accountants and auditing corporations.

Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    第一条この政令は、平成十九年十月一日から施行する。
  • Deadline type
    第一条この政令は、平成十九年十月一日から施行する。
source ↗
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Cooperatives Act
statute · · 1949-06-01

Scope: This act establishes the legal framework for the formation, management, and operation of small and medium-sized enterprise cooperatives in Japan. The text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
National Capital Region Development Act (Act No. 83 of 1956)
statute · · 1956
source ↗
Norinchukin Bank Act (Act No. 93 of 2001)
statute · FSA · 2001

Scope: This act regulates city planning, land use, zoning, and urban development projects in Japan. The text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets or financial services.

Gap or ambiguity: This law is entirely unrelated to the regulation of crypto-assets. Therefore, it does not establish any requirements, standards, or frameworks for this sector.

source ↗
Administrative Procedure Act
statute · · 1993-11-12· 1/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act establishes general and common procedures for administrative actions such as dispositions, guidance, and rulemaking. It is a framework law to ensure fairness and transparency and is not specific to any industry.

Gap or ambiguity: The act mandates that administrative agencies establish their own specific 'examination standards' for granting permissions and 'disposition standards' for adverse actions. This delegation creates an opportunity for certifiers to help entities meet these agency-specific, and potentially ambiguous, standards.

Evidence (1) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    Administrative Procedure Act (Act No. 88 of 1993)
source ↗
Stamp Tax Act (Act No. 23 of 1967)
statute · NTA · 1967-05-31

Scope: This act regulates public health promotion, including nutrition and measures to prevent passive smoking. It does not contain provisions related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Local Autonomy Act (Act No. 67 of 1947)
statute · · 1947
source ↗
Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act No. 103 of 1999)
statute · · 1999

Scope: The provided text is a placeholder and does not contain the body of the act. The title suggests it concerns general rules for administrative agencies, not crypto-assets.

source ↗
The Norinchukin Bank Act
statute · · 2001-06-29· 1/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act establishes the legal framework for the Norinchukin Bank, a cooperative financial institution for Japan's agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors. The text does not regulate crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: This law is entirely silent on crypto-assets. Any potential crypto-related activities by the bank would likely be governed by other specific Japanese financial laws, such as the Payment Services Act or the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act.

Evidence (1) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    Norinchukin Bank Act (Act No. 93 of 2001)
source ↗
Automobile Liability Security Act (Act No. 97 of 1955)
statute · MLIT · 1955-07-29

Scope: This act concerns automobile liability security, not crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is entirely unrelated to crypto-asset regulation, making it impossible to identify any relevant requirements, gaps, or ambiguities.

source ↗
Patent Act
statute · JPO · 1959-04-13

Scope: This is a patent act from 1959. The provided text does not contain any information regarding crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The text does not regulate crypto-assets, so no specific regulatory gaps or ambiguities related to this domain can be identified from it.

source ↗
Order for Enforcement of the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds
regulation · · 2008· 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This order enforces the Certified Public Accountants Act, setting rules for auditors and audit firms in Japan. It covers professional independence, quality control, and corporate governance, but does not regulate crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text regulates certified public accountants and does not apply to crypto-assets. Therefore, it presents no specific regulatory signals, gaps, or opportunities for the crypto industry.

source ↗
Local Incorporated Administrative Agency Act (Act No. 118 of 2003)
statute · · 2003

Scope: The provided text is internal metadata and does not contain the substantive content of the act, which appears to regulate local administrative agencies, not crypto-assets.

source ↗
Corporation Tax Act
statute · NTA ·

Scope: The provided text is an error page from the National Tax Agency website. It contains no substantive information regarding the Corporation Tax Act or its application to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The document is a broken link and provides no regulatory text. Therefore, no specific regulatory gaps or ambiguities can be identified from the provided content.

source ↗
Outline of the 2024 Tax Reform
guidance · MOF ·

Scope: This document is an index page for Japan's 2024 Tax Reform. It does not contain specific details on crypto-asset taxation or regulation.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a high-level navigation page and lacks any substantive regulatory content. It is not possible to identify specific gaps or ambiguities from this document.

source ↗
Act on Transfer of Bonds, Shares, etc. (Act No. 75 of 2001)
statute · FSA · 2001· 1/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act amends various laws to promote a digital society. It focuses on expanding the My Number system, unifying personal information protection rules, and digitalizing administrative procedures, but does not address crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text does not regulate crypto-assets, securities, or financial services. It concerns digital identity and data protection, presenting no direct regulatory gaps for crypto certification.

Evidence (1) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    施行日:令和3年9月1日(施行までに一定の準備期間が必要なものを除く。)
source ↗
The Shoko Chukin Bank Limited Act
statute · · 2007-06-27

Scope: This act governs the Shoko Chukin Bank, a specific financial institution for small and medium-sized enterprises in Japan. The text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets or virtual currencies.

source ↗
Consumer Product Safety Act (Act No. 31 of 1973)
statute · METI · 1973-06-06

Scope: This act regulates consumer product safety. The provided text does not contain specific articles or mention crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The text does not address crypto-assets, indicating it is out of scope for this regulation.

source ↗
Japan current crypto taxation — miscellaneous income (雑所得) — individual crypto gains are 'miscellaneous income', added to total income and taxed at progressive rates up to ~55% (45% national + 10% local) — among the HIGHEST among developed economies; crypto/crypto swaps are taxable; spending crypto is taxable; administered by the NTA (National Tax Agency)
guidance · NTA (National Tax Agency) · · 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This guidance defines the tax treatment for individual crypto-asset gains. It classifies gains as 'miscellaneous income', making crypto-to-crypto swaps and spending crypto taxable events.

Gap or ambiguity: The high tax rate (up to 55%) creates significant complexity for individuals in calculating and reporting gains. This may create opportunities for specialized tax advisory and reporting tools.

source ↗
Shinkin Bank Act (Act No. 238 of 1951)
statute · FSA · 1951

Scope: This act regulates liability and compulsory insurance contracts for oil pollution damage caused by ships. It is not related to crypto-assets or financial services.

Gap or ambiguity: The text does not address crypto-assets in any capacity, presenting a complete regulatory gap for this subject matter. The provided text is irrelevant to crypto regulation.

source ↗
Act on Compensation for Nuclear Damage (Act No. 147 of 1961)
statute · NRA · 1961-06-17

Scope: This act regulates compensation for nuclear damage. It does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets or financial services.

Gap or ambiguity: The text is entirely unrelated to the regulation of crypto-assets, and therefore presents no specific regulatory gaps or opportunities for that sector.

source ↗
Act on Special Provisions of the Act on the Adjustment of Business Activities of Retail Business at Large-scale Retail Stores concerning the Establishment of Selling Spaces for Imported Goods (Act No. 81 of 1991)
statute · null · 1991-05-21

Scope: This 1991 act provides special provisions for large-scale retail stores regarding the establishment of selling spaces for imported goods. It does not pertain to financial services or digital assets.

Gap or ambiguity: This legislation is entirely unrelated to the crypto-asset sector. It provides no rules, guidance, or framework for digital assets.

source ↗
Corporation Tax Act (Act No. 34 of 1965)
statute · NTA · 1965-03-31
source ↗
Kinki Region Development Act (Act No. 129 of 1963)
statute · · 1963
source ↗
Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative (Act No. 183 of 1949)
statute · FSA · 1949· 1/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act regulates civil aviation in Japan, including aircraft registration, safety and airworthiness certification, airmen competence, and air transport services. It does not address financial services or crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: This legislation is entirely unrelated to crypto-assets, and therefore presents no specific regulatory gaps or opportunities for that sector.

Regulatory Compliance Support
Evidence (1) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    Civil Aeronautics Act(Act No. 231 of 1952)
source ↗
Order for Enforcement of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (Cabinet Order No. 321 of 1965)
regulation · · 1965
source ↗
Act Concerning Establishment of Agricultural Promotion Areas (Act No. 58 of 1969)
statute · · 1969

Scope: This act concerns the establishment of agricultural promotion areas and does not regulate crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: This legislation is entirely unrelated to crypto-assets, creating a complete regulatory gap in this specific text.

source ↗
Parking Places Act (Act No. 106 of 1957)
statute · · 1957

Scope: This is the Parking Places Act of 1957. It does not regulate crypto-assets or related activities.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is not a crypto-asset regulation. Therefore, it does not contain any requirements or signals relevant to the requested analysis.

source ↗
Bankruptcy Act (Act No. 75 of 2004)
statute · · 2004-06-02
source ↗
Electronic Recorded Monetary Claims Act (Act No. 102 of 2007)
statute · MOJ · 2007-06-20
source ↗
Act on Remuneration of Employees in the Regular Service (Act No. 95 of 1950)
statute · · 1950

Scope: Based on its title, this 1950 act regulates the remuneration of government employees. The provided text does not contain any information related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is an internal analysis template, not the actual legislative text. The underlying act is unrelated to the crypto-asset domain.

source ↗
Warehouse Business Act (Act No. 121 of 1956)
statute · MLIT · 1956-06-01
source ↗
Deposit Insurance Act (Act No. 34 of 1971)
statute · · 1971
source ↗
Labor Bank Act
statute · · 1953-10-01

Scope: The provided text is a 'Page Not Found' error from a Japanese law search website. It contains no substantive information about the regulation.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a 'Page Not Found' error. No regulatory content is available for analysis.

source ↗
Consumption Tax Act (Act No. 108 of 1988)
statute · NTA · 1988-12-30

Scope: This enforcement order details administrative procedures under Japan's Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act. It is not related to crypto-asset regulation.

source ↗
National Public Service Act (Act No. 120 of 1947)
statute · · 1947
source ↗
Act on Special Measures Concerning Conservation of Historic Natural Features of Ancient Cities (Act No. 1 of 1966)
statute · · 1966

Scope: This act concerns the conservation of historic natural features in ancient cities and is not related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is not related to crypto-assets, therefore no regulatory gaps or ambiguities for this sector can be identified.

source ↗
Act on Investment Trusts and Investment Corporations (Act No. 198 of 1951)
statute · FSA · 1951-06-04

Scope: This 1951 act governs investment trusts and investment corporations. The provided text does not specify if or how it applies to crypto-assets.

source ↗
International Tourist Tax Act (Act No. 16 of 2018)
statute · NTA · 2018-04-18

Scope: The provided text is a 'page not found' error from the Japanese National Tax Agency website. The title of the referenced document, 'International Tourist Tax Act,' does not appear to be related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Payment Services Act (Act No. 59 of 2009)
statute · FSA · 2009-06-24· 2/4 anchored
RegistrationIn force

Scope: The regulation establishes a registration system for Electronic Payment Service Providers, which offer payment initiation and account information aggregation services. It mandates contracts with banks and measures for user data security.

Gap or ambiguity: The law requires security management of user information in contracts between providers and banks, but does not specify technical standards. This creates an opportunity for independent certifiers to assess security controls and API implementations against best practices.

Incident ResponsePenetration TestingRegulatory Compliance SupportSecurity GuidanceSkynet — Threat Monitoring
Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    平成30年6月から、 「電子決済等代行業」に関する 新しい制度がはじまりました。
  • Deadline type
    制度開始以前から電子決済等代行業を行っている事業者については、制度 開始から6ヶ月間の登録猶予期間が設けられています。
source ↗
Chubu Region Development Act (Act No. 102 of 1966)
statute · · 1966

Scope: The provided text is internal metadata and does not contain the body of the act, which concerns regional development from 1966 and is unrelated to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Registration and License Tax Act (Act No. 35 of 1967)
statute · NTA · 1967-06-12· 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act validates the enforceability of close-out netting provisions in master agreements for specified financial transactions when a party enters bankruptcy, rehabilitation, or reorganization proceedings.

Gap or ambiguity: The act does not explicitly mention crypto-assets. Whether crypto derivatives qualify as 'specified financial transactions' and how their valuation would be calculated under the required Cabinet Office Order is ambiguous.

source ↗
Secured Bonds Trust Act (Act No. 52 of 1905)
statute · MOJ · 1905-03-13
source ↗
Commercial Registration Act (Act No. 125 of 1963)
statute · MOJ · 1963-07-12

Scope: This is a general law from 1963 concerning the registration of commercial entities in Japan. It does not contain specific provisions for crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The act is a general commercial registration law and does not address the specific technical, security, or operational requirements of crypto-asset businesses.

Regulatory Compliance Support
source ↗
FSA Administrative Guidelines for CAESPs (2023-03-24) — administrative guidelines clarifying the definition of crypto asset, introducing a 'safe harbour' rule; basis of ongoing supervision of CAESPs
guidance · FSA · 2023-03-24· 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: Administrative guidelines for Crypto-Asset Exchange Service Providers (CAESPs). The text clarifies the definition of crypto-assets and provides the basis for ongoing supervision.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a list of document titles, not the substantive content of the guidelines. It is impossible to determine specific technical requirements or identify ambiguities from this list.

source ↗
Shinkin Bank Act
statute · FSA · 1951-06-15

Scope: The provided text is a '404 Not Found' error page from a Japanese law search website. It contains no substantive regulatory content.

Gap or ambiguity: The source text is a web error page and does not contain any regulatory information to analyze for gaps or ambiguities.

source ↗
Civil Code (Act No. 89 of 1896)
statute · MOJ · 1896-04-27

Scope: This is the Japanese Civil Code from 1896, a foundational law for private rights. The provided text contains no substantive articles and does not mention crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a metadata stub, not the legal text itself. Internal notes state the regime is unknown and any regulatory gap is unidentified.

source ↗
Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds (Act No. 22 of 2007)
statute · NPA · 2007-03-31· 2/3 anchored
In force

Scope: The text provides updates on Japan's Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds. It imposes AML/CFT obligations, such as identity verification and suspicious transaction reporting.

Gap or ambiguity: The text mentions new obligations for 'professionals' starting April 1, 2024, but does not define this term. It is unclear from this text whether this category includes crypto-asset service providers.

SkyInsights — AML / KYT
Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    令和6年4月1日より士業者との一部取引について、取引時の確認事項が追加されるほか、疑わしい取引の届出義務が追加されます。
  • Deadline type
    令和6年4月1日より士業者との一部取引について、取引時の確認事項が追加されるほか、疑わしい取引の届出義務が追加されます。
source ↗
Act on Conservation of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Act No. 75 of 1992)
statute · · 1992

Scope: This act regulates the conservation of endangered species of wild fauna and flora and is not relevant to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text does not contain the body of the regulation, only placeholder comments. The regulation's title indicates its scope is unrelated to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (Act No. 319 of 1951)
statute · ISA · 1951

Scope: This act regulates immigration and refugee recognition. It does not contain provisions related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Act on Partially Amending the Payment Services Act, etc. for the Purpose of Establishing a Stable and Efficient Payment Services System
regulation · FSA · 2022-06-10· 2/4 anchored
LicensingIn force

Scope: This regulation implements the 2022 amendment to the Payment Services Act, establishing a new framework for 'Electronic Payment Instruments' (stablecoins) and 'Exchange Transaction Analysis Business'.

Gap or ambiguity: The text announces the final rules but does not detail the specific technical standards for custody, security, or reserve management required under the new ordinances. This leaves an opportunity for independent certifiers to assess compliance with the detailed underlying rules.

Proof of ReservesSkyInsights — AML / KYT
Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    The Cabinet Order pertaining to this matter was decided by the Cabinet on Tuesday, May 23, Reiwa 5 (2023), promulgated today, and will come into effect on Thursday, June 1, Reiwa 5 (2023).
  • Deadline type
    will come into effect on Thursday, June 1, Reiwa 5 (2023).
source ↗
Deposit Insurance Act
statute · FSA · 1971-04-01· 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This act establishes a deposit insurance system to protect depositors and manage the failure of traditional financial institutions. It does not regulate or mention crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The act's scope is limited to traditional deposits and financial institutions. It does not provide any insurance or resolution framework for crypto-assets or crypto-asset service providers.

source ↗
Joint Statement from the U.S. and Japan Regarding a Framework to Facilitate FATCA Implementation
guidance · NTA · 2012-06-21

Scope: Based on the title, this document concerns a framework for implementing the US Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA). The text does not appear to be related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a 'Page Not Found' error from the regulator's website. The actual content of the joint statement is missing and cannot be analyzed.

source ↗
Act on Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry Products (Act No. 175 of 1950)
statute · MAFF · 1950

Scope: This act regulates the standardization and labeling of agricultural and forestry products. It is not relevant to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The regulation is not applicable to crypto-assets, therefore there are no relevant regulatory gaps or ambiguities for this sector.

source ↗
Financial Instruments and Exchange Act
statute · FSA · 1948

Scope: This law regulates the rationalization of energy use and the shift to non-fossil energy for factories, transportation, and other business operators. It does not regulate crypto-assets.

source ↗
Act on Securitization of Assets (Act No. 105 of 1998)
statute · FSA · 1998-06-15
source ↗
Act on Special Measures Concerning Conservation of Historic Natural Features and Development of Living Environment in Asuka Village (Act No. 60 of 1980)
statute · · 1980

Scope: This act concerns the conservation of historic natural features and development in Asuka Village. It is not related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text does not contain the body of the legal act and is not relevant to crypto-asset regulation. No gap can be assessed.

source ↗
Health Insurance Act (Act No. 70 of 1922)
statute · · 1922-04-22

Scope: Based on its title, this is a Health Insurance Act from 1922. The provided body text contains no substantive legal provisions and is irrelevant to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The act does not apply to crypto-assets. The provided body text is an internal placeholder note, not the legal text itself.

source ↗
Commercial Code (Act No. 48 of 1899)
statute · MOJ · 1899-03-09

Scope: This is the general Commercial Code from 1899. The provided text does not contain any specific provisions related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is metadata for a historical law and does not contain any substantive articles regarding crypto-assets, so no gaps can be identified.

source ↗
Act for Partial Amendment of the Income Tax Act, etc. (FY2026 Tax Reform)
regulation · NTA · 2026-03-31· 2/2 anchored
Implementing

Scope: The text indicates the publication of materials related to the OECD's Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF). This suggests the implementation of a tax information reporting regime for crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The text only announces the availability of informational materials for the CARF system. It does not specify the technical reporting standards or data validation requirements for entities, creating an opportunity for third-party verification services.

Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    March 31, Reiwa 8 | Overview of the CARF Corner System (Leaflets, etc.), FAQ, and OECD Public Information
  • Deadline type
    March 31, Reiwa 8 | Overview of the CARF Corner System (Leaflets, etc.), FAQ, and OECD Public Information
source ↗
Administrative Procedure Act (Act No. 88 of 1993)
statute · · 1993

Scope: This act is not related to crypto-assets. It regulates the use of electronic records for document preservation by organizations involved in the registration of endangered species.

Regulatory Compliance Support
source ↗
Shoko Chukin Bank Limited Act (Act No. 74 of 2007)
statute · FSA · 2007

Scope: This act, the Order for Enforcement of the Consumer Product Safety Act, establishes safety standards and requirements for consumer products. It does not regulate financial services or crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: This legislation is entirely unrelated to the regulation of crypto-assets, virtual assets, or related services. Therefore, it presents no specific regulatory signals or opportunities.

source ↗
Act Concerning the Promotion of the Development of Regional Core Urban Areas and the Relocation of Facilities for Industrial Business (Act No. 76 of 1992)
statute · · 1992

Scope: This act concerns the promotion of regional urban development and the relocation of industrial businesses. It does not contain provisions related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Penal Code (Act No. 45 of 1907)
statute · MOJ · 1907· 0/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This is Japan's general Penal Code. It defines a wide range of crimes and punishments but does not specifically regulate crypto-assets or related services.

Gap or ambiguity: As a general criminal law, it does not directly address crypto-assets. The application of articles on theft, fraud, or computer crimes to crypto-related offenses depends on judicial interpretation.

source ↗
Act on Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade (Act No. 54 of 1947)
statute · JFTC · 1947-04-14

Scope: This act concerns the prohibition of private monopolization and the maintenance of fair trade. The provided text does not contain specific provisions related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a general antitrust law from 1947 and does not address the specific characteristics or risks of the crypto-asset industry.

source ↗
Act on Promotion of Global Warming Countermeasures (Act No. 117 of 1998)
statute · MOE · 1998-10-09

Scope: This act concerns the promotion of countermeasures against global warming and is not related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is entirely unrelated to crypto-assets, containing no relevant regulatory requirements or ambiguities.

source ↗
Act for Establishment of the Cabinet Office (Act No. 89 of 1999)
statute · · 1999-07-16

Scope: This act establishes the Cabinet Office of Japan. The provided text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is a high-level administrative law from 1999 and does not contain any specific regulations or requirements for the crypto-asset sector.

source ↗
Building Standards Act (Act No. 201 of 1950)
statute · · 1950

Scope: This is the Building Standards Act of 1950. The provided text does not contain information related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Basic Act on the Formation of a Digital Society
statute · · 2021
source ↗
Companies Act (Act No. 86 of 2005)
statute · MOJ · 2005· 1/1 anchored
In force

Scope: This Act establishes ethical principles and reporting requirements for national public service employees in Japan. It aims to prevent conflicts of interest and maintain public trust in government.

Gap or ambiguity: This law does not regulate crypto-assets or related activities; it focuses exclusively on the conduct of public officials.

Evidence (1) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    National Public Service Ethics Act(Act No. 129 of 1999)
source ↗
Act on General Incorporated Associations and General Incorporated Foundations (Act No. 48 of 2006)
statute · MOJ · 2006-06-02

Scope: This act establishes the legal framework for general incorporated associations and foundations in Japan. The provided text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Fisheries Cooperatives Act (Act No. 242 of 1948)
statute · MAFF · 1948

Scope: This act amends the Copyright Act. It regulates the digital distribution of copyrighted materials by libraries and simplifies rights processing for online broadcasts.

Gap or ambiguity: This legislation does not address or regulate crypto-assets, digital currencies, or related services. Its scope is limited to copyright law.

source ↗
Urban Green Space Conservation Act (Act No. 72 of 1973)
statute · · 1973

Scope: The provided text is a placeholder and does not contain any substantive information about the regulation of crypto-assets.

source ↗
Installment Sales Act (Act No. 159 of 1961)
statute · METI · 1961

Scope: This act establishes the scope of Japan's civil jurisdiction over foreign states. It outlines the principle of sovereign immunity and specifies exceptions where foreign states are not immune from judicial proceedings.

Gap or ambiguity: This law is entirely unrelated to the regulation of crypto-assets. Its scope is limited to sovereign immunity in civil litigation and does not provide any rules for the crypto industry.

source ↗
Long-Term Credit Bank Act (Act No. 187 of 1952)
statute · FSA · 1952

Scope: This act establishes procedures for inquiries and disciplinary actions related to marine accidents. The law does not pertain to crypto-assets or financial regulation.

source ↗
Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Basic Act (Act No. 154 of 1963)
statute · METI · 1963-07-20

Scope: The provided text is a metadata stub for the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Basic Act of 1963 and does not contain any specific regulatory details.

Gap or ambiguity: The text is a placeholder and does not contain substantive regulatory content, so no gaps or ambiguities can be identified.

source ↗
Additional Statement to Modify Certain Parts of the Statement of Mutual Cooperation and Understanding between the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Authorities of Japan to Improve International Tax Compliance and to Facilitate Implementation of FATCA (the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act of the United States)
guidance · NTA · 2013-12-18

Scope: The provided text is a 'Page Not Found' error from the National Tax Agency website. It does not contain the content of the specified FATCA guidance.

source ↗
Ordinance for Enforcement of the Act on Prevention of Transfer of Criminal Proceeds
regulation · NPA · 2008-03-21
source ↗
Act on Partially Amending the Payment Services Act, etc. for the Purpose of Establishing a Stable and Efficient Payment Services System
statute · FSA · 2022

Scope: The provided text is a press release about a UK-Japan financial regulatory forum. It does not contain substantive details about the referenced Act.

source ↗
Act Concerning the Improvement of Urban Distribution Centers (Act No. 110 of 1966)
statute · · 1966
source ↗
Basic Act on the Formation of an Advanced Information and Telecommunications Network Society (Act No. 144 of 2000)
statute · · 2000-11-27
source ↗
Act on Special Measures Concerning Urban Renaissance (Act No. 22 of 2002)
statute · · 2002

Scope: The provided text contains no substantive information about the regulation's scope. The title suggests it concerns urban planning, not crypto-assets.

source ↗
Civil Rehabilitation Act (Act No. 225 of 1999)
statute · · 1999-12-22

Scope: The provided text is a metadata block and does not contain the substantive text of the Civil Rehabilitation Act. No specific regulatory scope for crypto-assets can be determined from it.

source ↗
National Land Use Planning Act (Act No. 92 of 1974)
statute · MLIT · 1974-06-25

Scope: This act regulates national land use planning. It does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets, virtual assets, or financial services.

Gap or ambiguity: The act is entirely unrelated to the digital asset sector. Therefore, it presents no regulatory gaps or opportunities for crypto-asset certification.

source ↗
Certified Tax Accountants Act (Act No. 237 of 1951)
statute · · 1951
source ↗
Principles for Responsible Institutional Investors (Japan's Stewardship Code)
guidance · FSA · 2014· 2/2 anchored
In force

Scope: This is a stewardship code outlining principles for responsible institutional investors. It aims to promote sustainable corporate growth through investment and dialogue with investee companies.

Gap or ambiguity: The guidance does not apply to crypto-assets, focusing instead on traditional corporate governance and investor stewardship.

Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Status
    “Principles for Responsible Institutional Investors” ≪Japan’s Stewardship Code≫ -To promote sustainable growth of companies through investment and dialogue- (Final version, in English, April 7, 2014)
  • Deadline type
    Laws, regulations, and Q&As with regard to the “act of material proposal" and “joint holders" under the Large Shareholding Reporting Rule - to promote constructive dialogue between institutional investors and investee companies - (September 17, 2025) *Applicable from May 1, 2026
source ↗
Design Act
statute · JPO · 1959-04-13

Scope: This is the Design Act from 1959, related to intellectual property. The provided text does not contain any information regarding crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is not relevant to crypto-asset regulation, therefore no specific gaps or ambiguities for this sector can be identified from it.

source ↗
Act Concerning the Promotion of Disaster Prevention Block Improvement in Concentrated Urban Areas (Act No. 49 of 1997)
statute · · 1997

Scope: Based on its title, this act regulates disaster prevention improvements in urban areas. The provided text does not contain any information about crypto-assets.

source ↗
Act on Special Measures Concerning the Promotion of Housing and Residential Land Supply in Major Urban Areas (Act No. 67 of 1975)
statute · · 1975

Scope: Based on its title, this act concerns housing and residential land supply in Japan. The provided text does not contain any information related to crypto-assets.

Gap or ambiguity: The provided text is not related to crypto-asset regulation, so no regulatory gaps or ambiguities in that domain can be identified.

source ↗
Trademark Act
statute · JPO · 1959-04-13
source ↗
Corporation Tax Act (Act No. 34 of 1965)
statute · NTA · 1965-03-31

Scope: The provided text is a 'Page Not Found' error from the Japanese National Tax Agency website and does not contain the actual legal text.

source ↗
Trust Business Act (Act No. 154 of 2004)
statute · FSA · 2004· 0/2 anchored
RegistrationIn force

Scope: This act establishes a registration system to protect the intellectual property rights (layout-design licenses) for the creators of semiconductor integrated circuit layouts.

Gap or ambiguity: This law exclusively governs intellectual property for semiconductor circuit layouts and does not apply to crypto-assets, digital assets, or related financial services.

Regulatory Compliance Support
source ↗
Japan Payment Services Act (PSA / 資金決済法) — base framework defining 'Crypto Asset' (暗号資産) and licensing the Crypto Asset Exchange Service Providers (CAESP / 暗号資産交換業者) that must register with the FSA; client-asset segregation, governance, cybersecurity, fit-and-proper for officers; world-pioneering crypto-exchange regulation (2017, after Mt. Gox)
statute · Japanese Diet / FSA · 2009-06-24· 0/4 anchored
LicensingIn force

Scope: This act establishes a foundational framework for payment services in Japan. It defines 'Crypto Asset' and creates a registration regime for Crypto Asset Exchange Service Providers (CAESPs) under the Financial Services Agency (FSA).

Gap or ambiguity: The act requires necessary information security management measures (Art. 21) but does not specify technical standards. This creates an opportunity for certifiers to provide assessments against best practices to demonstrate compliance to the FSA.

Incident ResponsePenetration TestingRegulatory Compliance SupportSecurity GuidanceSkyInsights — AML / KYTSkynet — Threat Monitoring
source ↗
Banking Act
statute · FSA · 1981-06-01· 0/3 anchored
In force

Scope: This act establishes the licensing, operational, and supervisory framework for banks in Japan. It also regulates related entities like bank holding companies, bank agents, and electronic payment service providers.

Gap or ambiguity: The act does not directly regulate crypto-assets, which are covered under other legislation like the Payment Services Act. This creates a gap regarding how banking institutions may interact with crypto-assets under their banking license.

Incident ResponsePenetration TestingRegulatory Compliance SupportSecurity GuidanceSkynet — Threat Monitoring
source ↗
Act on Travel Expenses of National Public Officers (Act No. 114 of 1950)
statute · · 1950

Scope: Based on its title, this 1950 act concerns travel expenses for public officials and is not relevant to crypto-assets.

source ↗
Income Tax Act (Act No. 33 of 1965)
statute · NTA · 1965-03-31

Scope: This act establishes the basic principles for labor contracts in Japan, covering their formation, modification, and termination. The text does not contain any provisions related to crypto-assets or financial regulation.

source ↗
Act on Rail Tracks (Act No. 76 of 1921)
statute · MLIT · 1921

Scope: This act from 1921 regulates rail tracks in Japan. It has no connection to crypto-assets or financial services.

Gap or ambiguity: The text is entirely unrelated to the crypto-asset domain, presenting no regulatory gaps or opportunities for certification in this sector.

source ↗
Financial Instruments and Exchange Act (Act No. 25 of 1948)
statute · FSA · 1948
source ↗
Act on Financial Business by Cooperatives
statute · FSA · 1949-06-06· 2/2 anchored
LicensingIn force

Scope: This act regulates financial business conducted by cooperative organizations in Japan, such as credit cooperatives. It establishes rules for their authorization, management, accounting, and auditing to ensure sound management and protect depositors.

Gap or ambiguity: The act does not address crypto-assets or related services. This creates a gap, as it is unclear how or if its provisions would apply to a credit cooperative wishing to engage in crypto-asset activities.

Regulatory Compliance Support
Evidence (2) — verbatim quotes from the source
  • Regime
    A credit cooperative, etc. must obtain authorization from the Prime Minister in any of the following cases:
  • Status
    Act on Financial Businesses by Cooperative Societies (Act No. 183 of 1949)
source ↗
Certified Public Accountants Act (Act No. 103 of 1948)
statute · · 1948
source ↗

Connected frameworks

How this jurisdiction inherits, is inspired by, or cites other regulatory texts.

Direct implementation

Binding transposition of a supranational anchor.

No edges.

Soft inspiration (4)

Non-binding alignment with standards or foreign law.

  • INTL-FATFRECS-2025
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • INTL-FSBGSCRECS-2023
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • EU-MICA-2023
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)

Cross-citations (30)

Explicit citations in the body of norms.

  • INTL-NPT-1968
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPACND-1961
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPAEBA-1955
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPASMNEP-1999
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • INTL-PCT-1970
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPDESIGNACT-1959
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPINDPROPPROCACT-1990
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPPATENTACT-1959
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPPATENTATTORNEYACT-2000
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPPCTAPPACT-1978
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPTRADEMARKACT-1959
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-JPUTILITYMODELACT-1959
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-ITBASICACT-2000
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-CPAACTJP-1948
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-DEPOSITINSACT-1971
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-FIEA-1948
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-FIEAENFORD-1965
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-GENRULESIAAACT-1999
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-INSBIZACT-1995
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)
  • JP-LOCALIAAACT-2003
    relação tipada extraída do body (inline Dataview)